Narration and Perspective in Pramoedyas Inem Essay -- Asia Narrative

Narration and Perspective in Pramoedya's Inem Tradition represents an integral component of one's cultural identity, and this is especially so in this rapidly changing world which we live in, where the boundaries between different cultures are increasingly being blurred and distorted by the process of globalisation. While traditions do define the beliefs, practices and collective experiences of a people, the continued existence of certain socio-cultural institutions in which discriminatory and repressive measures still persist cannot be condoned. It is this very dimension that Pramoedya addresses in his short story, "Inem": The narrator's reminiscences of his childhood perform a serious social commentary and incisive social critique of various repressive traditional institutions in Indonesian society, such as the practice of child-brides (i.e. the forced socialisation of children), as well as the intransigent nature of prevailing patriarchal attitudes towards women and subsequent treatment they receive in the author's socio-cult ural milieu. The story achieves, albeit subtly, a powerful condemnation of these facets, which is presented artfully through a duality in the narration - a child's naà ¯ve perspective and circumscribed knowledge to describe the course of events as they happened, alongside the mature, retrospective voice, which also provides a highly mimetic depiction of life in this society. It might be pertinent and helpful here to first discuss the structure of the narrative itself, for there are several elements in the sequencing of the discourse that contribute in no small way to the overall effect of the narration/narrator. The narrative begins in media res (beginning in the midst of the action at a crucial junct... ...d in the narration. This is ultimately left to the sub-text, of what is left unsaid. It is quite clear where the author stands on the issues the short story raises, and through the naà ¯vetà © in the children's perspective presented in the narrator's recollections, an intense and vivid resemblance to reality in this very retrospection, and the narrative sequencing that remorselessly directs the story towards the concluding tragedy - a powerful and scathing, if not sober, social critique on the nature of tradition, adhering to correct social behaviour and resistance to change is shaped and conveyed. Bibliography Chatman, Seymour. "Narration: Narrator and Narratee". Reading Narrative Fiction. New York: Macmillan, 1993. 90-97. Pramoedya Ananta Toer. "Inem". Contemporary Literature of Asia. Arthur Biddle et al (ed.) Blair: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996. 139-148.

Greek Philosopher Plato

Plato is one of the popular and widely read philosophers in the world. His thoughts have greatly influenced the western political mindset and discourse. Born in Athens around 427 BCE Plato accomplished a lot by writing a different treatise that shaped the world's political thoughts before his death around 347 BCE. He was a student to a great philosopher, Socrates and a teacher to a famous philosopher scholar Aristotle, who also taught Alexander the great. He was greatly influenced by his teacher, Socrates who always remains the profound character in his works. In other words, his thoughts are greatly influenced by Socrates while on the other hand, he also influences Aristotle. His thoughts are significant historically and intellectually in the western political and social infrastructure.One of the popular works of Plato is the Republic. It is popularly known as the Socratic dialogue, which Plato sought to address the issues of justice. Plato was more infuriated with the way Socrates was treated before the authority. On the same pedestal, Plato is concerned about justice and the city-state. His main investigation is whether the just man is happier than the unjust in Athens. In his argument, Plato proposes a state of the philosopher kings. He asks the society to promote education among young boys and girls so that leading them becomes easier. In other words, Plato only trusts educated leaders. He is very uncomfortable with uneducated leaders since they would not be in a position to handle the intricacies of leadership. He identifies different sets of â€Å"constitutions that promote injustice in the society, which include democracy, oligarchy, timocracy, and tyranny.† Among the four, Socrates through Plato argues that tyranny is the worst regime. Tyrants are harsher and know no language of diplomacy, but rely on wrath to instill fear in order to rule. His classical thoughts until influences political decisions in the contemporary society, not only in the west but in other parts of the world as well.From the Republic, readers are exposed to some of the social injustices fuelled by poor leadership. Plato makes it apparent that justice has been frequently used as an instrument to lure people to follow certain leaders while on the other hand, they are duped and manipulated. He relates justice as it is communicated to the person led to a bull that is well fed, not for its welfare, but for the benefit of the owner. It is blinded to believe that the good care is meant to take care of its welfare. However, the truth of the matter is that the owner gives it good feeding in readiness for slaughter. The owner wants it to be fat so that it can produce a greater amount of meat. From this standpoint, it means that the feeding is nothing meant to benefit the bull, but for the grander interest of the owner who intends to slaughter it. The same way, when people believe in justice as pronounced by their leaders, they sell themselves cheap for manipulation and tyranny. Plato is against justice that accused and executed Socrates falsely. Through his thoughts, the world has been on the lookout to shun bad leadership and dictators of history. Therefore, his arguments have been promoted in different spheres of life to promote virtue and ethics among the people living together.

Environmental Scan Paper Essay

A business environment is made up of both internal and external factors. The environment of a business must be scanned to be able to determine what factors the company can use to determine the development and forecasts that will help in the success of the business. The definition of Environmental Scanning, as per managementstudyguide.com, is the â€Å"possession and utilization of information about occasions, patterns, trends, and relationships within an organization’s internal and external environment†. Scanning is used to identify the threats and opportunities that exist in the business environment. Some of the internal environment factors that a company must observe include; employee interaction with each other, with management, manager interaction with other managers, and manager interaction with shareholders, brand awareness, organizational structure and the main staff (managementstudyguide.com, 2012). The company may use other resources to gain this information as in group discussions, surveys and interviews. This information than may be used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the company. External environment plays an important role as a company starts to become more competitive and changes start to occur. As these changes start to occur, it becomes essential for the company to identify what their competitors are doing. These changes may also affect the internal environment, so it is important that the company update its core competencies as per the external environment. Because external environments are always changing, the company should be ready at all times to be able to accept and adjust to the environmental changes. External monitoring could include the original forecasts of raw materials, which may affect the credibility of the original source. This will force the company to be more focused on scanning, forecasting and analysis to create a more trustworthy prediction and the input costs (managementstudyguide.com, 2012). The external environment scan should include three areas; immediate/industry environment, national environment, and the broader socio-economic environment/macro-environment. Companies The two companies that will be used in this paper will be Apple and Target. Both of these companies have survived a tough economy over the years by having to adjust to many external and internal environmental factors. Apple, as most of us know, is a successful producer of computer hardware and software. Target, is one of the largest retail companies, right behind Wal-Mart, in the U.S. The environmental scan is used to evaluate the threats, opportunities, strengths and weakness of both Apple and Target. This will help identify external and internal areas that may need help and the areas that have been successful. Strengths There are many strengths that have made Apple a success. Apple is known to offer superior products such as the iPhone, iPad, iPod and many others. They control both the manufacturing of its products as well as its operating system (http://www.slideshare.net/edbiy/swot-analysis-for-apple, 2012). Apple also produces its own internal components for the core of their products. They also set a high standard for the quality of their products to make sure that the customer is extremely satisfied. Apple is always evolving and creating new and updated products. Apple has a very loyal customer base that will buy the new and updated product regardless of what it costs. The company stock is also the highest in their personal history. Target is a monster of a company as well. As of 2011, the diversification of its store chain was at 1,750 stores. The stores are big; anywhere between 95,000 to 135,000 square feet is size. As of 2011, Target has a presence in all states except Vermont. Due to the competition with Wal-Mart to keep their product prices low, Target has seen increases in revenue year after year, with their 2011 revenue equaling $67 billion. Target has adapted to their specific demographic locations and offer three different types of stores; Target Green Lands, Super Target, and their urban stores. And most important, Target offers a wide variety of goods; clothing, electronics, beauty, and home furnishings to just name a few. Weaknesses As being the leader in the electronic industry, Apple is faced with having to ensure their product is consistent and quality is number one. Not all of Apple’s products are without flaws. With their competitors making similar devices, Apple must continue to invest in research and development, to make sure any flaws don’t hamper future success. With Apple being a financial stable company, any lack of debt could be seen as a weakness for their infrastructure as it may pose a risk for stock acquisition by other companies (http://www.slideshare.net/edbiy/swot-analysis-for-apple, 2012). As for Target, their lack of an internal presence is a weakness. Though their products are considered low cost, the quality of their product is better than Wal-Mart, which makes Target’s products a higher price than their competitor. Employee wages have also been considered low, forcing some employees to look for work elsewhere. Threats With Apple products saturating the market, Microsoft has still be able to hold a consistent share of the market as well. Within the industry, there are many competitors that appeal to the economic conscience. Companies such as HP and Dell are offering low-budget computers that are appealing to customers that cannot afford the Apple product. Apple must be able to produce their products and set a financial standard so they do not lose out on a certain market of people. Target has their threats as well. Kmart and Wal-Mart both offer similar products but at a lower cost. With today’s economy, customers may sacrifice the quality of a product to get a lower price. Target may have to restructure their product base to keep from losing out to the competition. Opportunity With Apple being a technological leader, they are known for their originality and innovative thinking. iLife is a new product that allows users to link up multiple programs through one central application. Apple has found a way to simplify a person’s â€Å"life†, by consolidating what that person needs into one little package. That is innovation at its finest. Apple will continue to develop new opportunities through innovation and breaking new ground in different markets. Target introduced that the company will expand into Canada, this being the first step into the international market. The company will focus on reducing operational cost and increasing their revenue ratio. Target will continue to push the private labled products to customers, to focus on low cost products. These companies are creating value by offering a product that is made up of tangible and intangible attributes that the customer values. These companies are able to obtain money for the costs which then generates benefits that it values. Apple and Target create products that offer many solutions for their customer. This creates a competitive advantage for these companies. Creative advantage is the â€Å"advantage that a company has over its competitors, allowing it to generate greater sales or margins and/or retains more customers than its competition† (Investopedia.com, 2012). Both companies have shown that they offer a product that has been superior to their competition, which in turn has generated greater sales for these companies. The mission statement of a company is a way to evaluate how a company may measure their effectiveness. Apple states, â€Å"Apple computer is committed to protecting the environment, health and safety of our employees, customers and the global communities where we operate. We recognize that by integrating sound environmental, health and safety management practices into all aspects of our business, we can offer technologically innovative products and services while conserving and enhancing resources for future generations. Apple strives for continuous improvement in our environmental, health and safety management systems and in the environmental quality of our products, processes and services†. Target states, â€Å"Our mission is to make Target your preferred shopping destination in all channels by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovation and exceptional guest experiences by consistently fulfilling our Expect More. Pay Less. ® brand promise†. Both Apple and Target have shown continued success, both following their mission to create a better experience for their customers. References Answers, W. (2012). Answers. Retrieved October 08, 2012, from WikiAnswers.com: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_mission_statement_of_apple_inc Investopedia. (2012). Competitive Advantage. Retrieved October 08, 2012, from Investopedia.com: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/competitive_advantage.asp#axzz28k4ujJ6x Managementstudyguide.com. (2008-2012). Environmental Scanning-Internal & External Analysis of Environment. Retrieved October 08, 2012, from Managementstudyguide.com: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/environmental-scanning.htm Mixx, M. (2012). Targer SWOT Analysis. Retrieved October 08, 2012, from MarketMixx.com: http://marketingmixx.com/marketing-basics/swot-analysis-marketing-basics/177-target-corporation-swot-analysis.html Target Brands, I. (2012). Mission & Values. Retrieved October 08, 2012, from Target.com: http://corporate.target.com/about/mission-values Unknown. (2012). Slideshare.net. Retrieved October 08, 2012, from SWOT Analysis for Apple: http://www.slideshare.net/edbiy/swot-analysis-for-apple

How to Study Better in High School 16 Expert Tips

How to Study Better in High School 16 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying is about finding a right balance between concentration, understanding, retention, and rest. And, just like any task that taxes your energy- be it physical or mental- it is often just as difficult to get started as it is to engage in the task itself. But don't despair! Whether you need to study for just one test, or want to learn how to study over the long haul and retain a whole term's worth of information, we've got you covered. We’ll explain exactly how to study better, helping you revamp both your daily and long-termstudy habits and giving you the best study tips for managing your timeand keeping your focus as you actually study. And, once you've mastered thesestudy techniques, we’ll also show you how to prepare yourself for test day so you can do your very best when the chips are down.So let’s get to it! Building Good StudyHabits Again, exerting both mental energy andphysical energy is difficult and many find it tough to keep upover the long term. But a proper approach will helpease the way and keep your studying strong for years to come. To laya healthy study foundation and avoid last minute cramming and undue stress, it's necessary to build (and maintain!) a proper study habit. Just like with exercise, the task will become easier and more manageable the more you are able to get into a routine. And you'll be far less likely to lapse back into bad study habits once you've made studying an intractable part of your daily life. #1: Stick to a Set Schedule Your brain builds pathways and habits over time, and studying is about building thosemental muscles and endurance. Getting into a fixed habit of studying will help you improve your concentration and mental stamina over time. And, just like any other training, your ability to study only improves with time and dedicated effort. There are many activities that are good for us, but that we often- for whatever reason- dread doing. Whether this is exercising, doing chores, or studying, it’s a good idea to set yourself a schedule and stick to it no matter how you’re feeling at the moment.It’s easy to put off these activities for a thousand reasons: you’re busy doing something else, you’re tired, you have a headache, you’re not in the mood.†¦But the more you hold yourself to a set schedule, the more likely you’ll do what you need to do without having to make an endless litany of excuses. Aside from doing homework,set aside a dedicated 50 to 75 minutesto study each day and then stick to your schedule. You'll find the studyrhythmthat works best for you, but do know that you don't necessarily have to sit down and eek out those minutes all at once. You can decide to split the time into smaller segments throughout the day, or, if you work betterat completing tasks and moving on, you can choose to get your studying done all at once. One way to divide your after school study time into segments could be: 4:30 - 5:00 - arrive home, eat a snack, relax 5:00 - 5:30 - first study chunk 5:30 - 6:30 - break/homework/other task 6:30 - 6:45 -second study chunk 6:45 - 7:30 -dinner/assignments/other task 7:30 - 8:00 - final study chunk Or, if you'd rather spend your 50-75 study minutes all at once, then your schedule may look more like: 4:30 - 5:00 - arrive home, eat a snack, relax 5:00 - 6:15-study time 6:15 - rest of evening - dinner, break, homework, other tasks How you create your study schedule is up to you, just so long as you stick to itonce you've made it and don'tdeviate. #2: Schedule Your Studying in SmallerIncrements Over a Long Period of Time By committing50 to 75minutes to studyevery day (and sticking to your schedule!), you'll avoid bothburning out your mental energy and being stuck crammingfor hours and hours at a time the night before a test. Not to say that cramming your material can't occasionally "work." Some people are absolutely able to cram for a test the night before and do well, but studying in this way will only store the information in your short-term memory, not your long-term.This means that, by cramming, you can struggle to stay apprised of the material as the semester progresses (especially in classes where previous information builds on later information, such as in science, math, or history classes). And the long term effect of forcing your brain to cramnecessary information at once will not only makestudying for finals particularly difficult- essentially forcing youto re-learn a semester’s worth of material, rather than being able to simply review it- but making a habit of cramming material at the last minute will only increase your stress and make you feel as though you have to constantly play â€Å"catch-up.† By sticking to a schedule of studying for a reasonable amount of timeover the entire semester or term, you'll be able to better store and recall the information you need, and thereby reduce some of the stress that comes from schoolwork, tests, and studying. Though it may seem rigidnow, a set study structure will make life easier in the long term. Setting the Right Study Environment A proper study schedule is essential, but so is creating the right study environment. Your environment can have a tremendous impact on your concentration and productivity, so figuring out aproper study space will ultimately benefit you and improve your study time. #3: Stick to the Same Study Spaces A stable environment for a particular activitycan help put you in the right mood and mind frameto complete the task at hand. The same applies for engaging in studying. It is helpful to have one or two dedicated locations for schoolwork- separate from any "free time" areas- that you use to study in each and every study session. Sometimes this may not be possible if you live in a small dwellingand don't have access to free public spaces like a library,but do the best you can to find a space you can use solelyfor studying and stick byit. Your studyspace will be individual to you, so don't worry about how other people work best. Some people concentrate their best when surrounded by others, like in a study group or a bustling coffee shop, while some people can only study if they're alone or in a completely silent location. Experiment with different environments and spaces until you find the one you seem to work in best and then stick to it as your dedicated "study zone." #4: Practice Good Study Hygiene Good study hygiene is about retaining a clear separation between work and rest.This allows you to focus on necessary tasks while minimizing stress and anxiety in the rest of your life. We've already talked about keeping a dedicated study space, but now we have tobe sure to keep those areas as "hygienic" as possible. How? By following a few key rules of setting up your study environment: Make Sure That You DON'T Study In or On Your Bed Studying in sleeping areas is the very definition of NOTmaintaininga clear separation between work and rest, and most often leads to increased levels of stress and insomnia. This, in turn, can decrease your concentration and ability to study in the long term. By blurring the lines between study-time and free-time, you'll only createspillover stress for yourself and be stuck in acyclical effect of non-productivity and anxiety. So keep your study location to a desk, a table, or even a couch, so long as you aren't anywhere on your bed. Keep Tantalizing Distractions Far Away It's easy to allow ourselvesto take "a quick break" tocheck our phones, get up and go hunting for a snack, or to let ourselves get caught up searching forirrelevant information on Wikipedia. There are untold distractions all around us that try to lure our concentration away from the task at hand, and giving into temptation can be an awful time suck.The best way to avoid distractionslike these is to remove temptation altogether. Make up a snack for yourself before you start studying so that you're not tempted to get up. Keep your phone far away, and turn off your wifi on your computer if you can. Tell yourself that you can't get up to check on whatever has you distracted until your allotted study time is up.Whatever has you distracted can wait until your study time is over. Keep Yourself Comfortable, Hydrated, and Fed Taking care of your body's basic needs will not onlyhelp toimprove your mood and concentration while you study, but it will also helpmake sure youavoid needing to get up (and therebylose your focus) during your study time. So make sure you takewater, a jacket, a snack, coffee, or whatever else you need to your study space so that you can be comfortable, focused, and ready to learn. VaryingYour Study Methods There are many different ways to study, and none is exclusively better than any other. In fact,diversifying your study techniques, andusing a mix of multiple different study methodswill help you learn and store your information better than simply sticking toone. Practicing different study methods and combining different techniques to prevent mental fatigue and keep your brain engaged. And we'll walk through some of the best study techniqueshere. #5: Rewrite or Rephrasethe Materialin Your Own Words It can be easy to get lost in a textbook and look back over a page, only to realize you don't remember what you just read. But luckily, that can be remedied. For classes that require you to read large bodies of text, such ashistory, English, or psychology, make sure tostop periodically as you read. Pause at the end of a paragraph or a section and- without looking!- think about what the text just stated. Re-summarize it in your own words. Now glance back over the material to make sure you summarized the information accurately and remembered the relevant details. Make a mental note of whatever you missed and then move on to the next section. You mayalso want to make a bulleted listof the pertinent information instead of just rephrasing it mentally or aloud. Without looking back down at the textbook, jot down the essentials of the material you just read. Then look over the book to make sure you haven't left out any necessary information. Whether you choose to simply summarizealoud or whether you write your information down, re-wording the text is an invaluable study tool. By rephrasing the text in your own words, you can be sure you're actuallyremembering the information and absorbing its meaning, rather than just rote copying theinfo without trulyunderstanding or retainingit. #6: Teach the Material to Someone Else Teaching someone else is a great way to distill your thoughts and summarize the information you've been studying. And,almost always, teaching someone elseshows you that you’ve learned more about the material than you think! Find a study-buddy, or a patient friend or relative, or even just a figurine or stuffed animal and explain the material to them as if they're hearing about it for the first time. Whether the person you're teaching is real or not, the act of teaching material aloud to another human being requires you to re-frame theinformation in new ways and think more carefully about how all the elements fit together. Andthe act of running through your material this way- especially if you do it aloud- helps you more easily lock it in your mind. #7: Quiz Yourself With Flashcards Making flashcards is an oft-usedstudy tooland for very good reason!Making your own flash cardscannot only help you retain information just through the sheer actof writing it down, but will also help you connect pertinent pieces of information together. So for any subjects in which you must remember theconnections between terms and information, such as formulas, vocabulary, equations, or historicaldates, flashcards are the way to go. To make the best use of your flashcards, use the Leitner Method, so that you don't waste your time studying what you already know. To employ this method, quiz yourself with your flashcards and separate the cards into two different piles. In Pile 1, place the cards you knew andanswered correctly, in Pile 2, place the cardsyou didn’t know the answers to. Now go back through the cards again, butonlystudying the cards from Pile 2 (the "didn't know" pile). Separate these again as you go through them into Pile 1 (know) and Pile 2 (don't know). Repeatthe process of only studying to "don't know" cardsuntil more and more cards can be added to the â€Å"know† pile. Once all the cards are in the â€Å"know† pile, go through the whole pile onceagain to make sure you’ve retained the information on all the cards. #8: Make Your Own Diagrams, Formula Sheets, and Charts Reconstituting information into pictures can help you see and understand the material in new and different ways.For math and science classes, you may want to make yourself a formula sheet in addition to making flashcards. Flashcards will help you to remember each formula in isolation, but making one catch-all formula sheet will give you a handy study reference tool. And making one will, again, help you to retain your information just through the process of writing it down. The bonus is thatif you're more of a visual/picture learner, a formula sheet canhelp you to remember your formulas by recallinghow they're situated with one another. To help you to remember your science processes, createyour own diagrams.For instance, for a biology class, draw your own cell and labelthe components or make your own Krebscycle diagram. These pictures willtypicallybein your textbooks, so examine the picture you're given andthen create your own diagram without looking at the textbook. See how much you've been able to accurately recreate and then do it again until it's perfect. Sometimes making your own charts and diagrams will mean recreating the ones in your textbookfrom memory, and sometimes it will mean putting different pieces of information together yourself. Whatever the diagram type and whatever the class, writing your information down and making pictures out of itwill help to lock the material in your mind. #9: Give Yourself Rewards To make studying a little more fun, give yourself a small reward whenever you hit a study milestone. For instance,let yourselfeat a piece of candy for every 25flash cards you test yourself on or for every three paragraphs you read (and re-word) in your textbook. Or perhapsgive yourself one extra minuteof video gameor television-watching time for every page you study from your book(to be redeemedonly after your study time is over, of course). Whatever your particular incentive is, letyourself havethatsmall reward-boost tohelp see you throughthe days whenstudying seems particularly taxing. You can even make yourself a Study Reward Diagram: studying input - candy reward - energy boost - more studying - more candy! Making the Most ofYour Study Time Whether you're studying for a particular test or studying to keep yourself apprised of the class material all throughout the term, you'll want to make the most of your allotted daily study time. After all, there's no use setting aside and committing to your 50-75 minutes a day to study if the time is ultimately unproductive. So make the best of each study session by following these study tipsfor concentration and memory retention. #10: Study New Material Within 24 Hours In order to maintain your knowledge of the class material throughout the term, make life easier on yourself by reviewing any new information you learn onthe same day you learned it. Reviewing new material within 24 hours will help you to retain much more of what you learned than if you were to review the same information at a later date. So make sure todedicate a portion of each study time to reviewing the information you learned thatsame day in your classes. School bombards you withnew material each and every day. And even if you’re interested in the new material as you’re learning it, it’s all too easy to let anything new slip away when you have so much else to think about. Butonce the information has been pushed to the back burnerof your mind, your brain will generally discard it rather than storing it into your long term memory. To combat this â€Å"curve of forgetting,† make a habit of taking notes in class and then reviewing the material that very same night.This will help lock the information into your long-term memory and serve you well in the future. Just a few minutes in the here and now will save you hours of having to relearn the material at a later date. #: Use the Pomodoro Technique to Retain Focus Everyone loses their concentration from time to time. But, luckily for us, there are time management techniques that can help keep up mentalenergy and productivity, such as the Pomodoro Technique. The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method for increased focus and concentration, which makes it ideal for tackling studying and homework. The principle behind the technique is to divvy up your focus and break times into set regimes so that your mind remains sharp and attuned tothe task at hand, without giving into fatigue or distraction. The method is to divide your focus time (â€Å"pomodoros†) into 25 minute blocks dedicated to a task. And every time you feel your focus drifting, write down what had you distracted,put it aside, and don't give into the temptation to lose focus. (For instance, if you feel compelled to look at your email or look up what year your favorite movie came out, mark down â€Å"check email† or â€Å"look up favorite movie† and then return to your original task.) This will allow you to acknowledge the distraction and return to it later without having it derail your study time now. After every 25 minute block of time is complete, give yourself a check mark and allow yourself a 5 minute break. (A good time to check thatemail!)Onceyou’ve reachedthe fourth check mark (100 minutes of focus and 15 minutes of break), take a 20 minute break. Then begin the cycle again. By balancing up your time and energy between designated periods of focus and rest, you’ll be able to tackle studying your topic at hand without mental fatigue and burnout (which can easily occur if you try to marathon your way through a study session) and without losing focus (which can happen if you find yourself taking a break that lasts...indefinitely). To help visualize this technique in action, let's look at it setout in an example schedule: 5:00 - 5:25 - first pomodoro 5:25 - 5:30 - short break 5:30 - 5:55 - second pomodoro 5:55: - 6:00 - short break 6:00 - 6:25 - third pomodoro 6:25 - 6:30 - short break 6:30 - 6:55 - fourth pomodoro 6:55 - 7:15 - long break #12: Know When to Move On There will always come a point in your studies where you need to simply put down the bookand move on.As always, life is about balance, and eventually you’ll start to see diminishing returns on your study efforts if you try to spend too much time on one particular topic/class/chapter. At some point, your time will be better spent studying for other classes, or engaging inan alternatetype of study task. Don't stopyour studying earlier than your scheduledtime, but turn your focus to a different study topic or switch your attentionfrom quizzing yourself with flashcards to making a diagram instead. It’s not always easy to see, but you’ll get better and better at realizing when you’ve hit this stopping point (and not the point five minutes into studying when you’re bored) and are no longer retaining focus or information. It may take time, but you'll get there. Your brain is capable of great things, but even it has its limits. And learninghow to maximize your time and energy will keep you from pushing those limits. Preparing for Test Day When you're preparingfor a test, the actual studying part is only half the battle. The other half comes from being well prepared to actually take the test and giving it your best possible effort. And these techniques will help you get there. #13: Get Enough Sleep The absolute, number one, most important way you can prepare yourself for a test is to sleep the night before. Getting a good night’s sleep before a test (and preferably every night) is absolutely paramount. Sleep increases focus and concentration. The effects of not sleeping are much like being under the influence of alcohol. No matter how well you know the material, taking a test sleep deprived will do you no favors. A regular sleep schedule is preferable and will do wonders for your overall health, happiness, concentration, and memory. But even if you can't sleep, just closing your eyes and relaxingwill help. So if you find yourself grappling withinsomnia, let yourself relax in the dark and in your bed instead of whittling away the hours some other way. #14: Pack Your Gear the Night Before the Test Whatever it is you need to have, make sure to pack it up the night before. This will help you relax and sleep and will insure you don't leave anything crucial behind in your morning rush out the door. So pack your pencils, your calculator, and scratch paper. Even lay out your clothes for the next day. Prepare whatever you need to so that you can reduce your stress and help you rest the night before your exam. #15: Eat Something Just like with sleeping, making sure to eatsomething the morning of atest will help you concentrate and focus throughout the day. Anything is better than nothing, but try to eat something that will keep you full and provide you with some protein and carbohydrates. Whole grains, fruit, and eggs are generally a good bet, but pretty much anything will do in a pinch so long as you get some calories in you (and so long as it isn't pure sugar and caffeine!). #16: Take a Walk Exercising, even just a little bit, will help boost your mood, energy, and concentration.If possible, take a walk or do some quick cardio exercises (such as jumping jacks) for ten to twenty minutes before an exam. Now you're ready to rock that test- go get it! ...And then take a nap when you're done. The Take-Aways: How to Study Better Being able to study and study well is a skill and a habit that's built like any other. It takes preparation, time, and diligence to see it through, but once the habit is established, it will simply becomea part of yourdaily routine. To maintain the proper balance of leisure and work (and, most importantly, avoid burnout and excessive stress), it’s best to stick to schedules and divvy up your time and energy over long periods of time. And remember to use that allottedtime wisely once you're in the middle of it. Of course an ideal scheduleisn’t always realistic and there will still be those days you have to cram for whatever reason. But incorporating healthier time management and study methods will benefit you in the long-term and serve you well not only in high school, but in college, in the workplace, and for whatever other task you set your mind to in the future. Just take it one step at a time and you'll be amazed at the final results. What's Next? Now that you've tackled how to study better, make sure you actually get that studying done by learninghow to overcome procrastination. Unsure about how your GPA ranks with your top school choices? Learn what GPA you need to get into the school you want and how much your GPA matters for college applications. Studying for the SAT or ACT? Check outsome of our expert guides, starting with how to get a perfect score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was founded in 1890. Preceded by: National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) Succeeded by: League of Women Voters (1920) Key Figures Founding figures: Lucy Stone, Alice Stone Blackwell, Susan B. Anthony, Harriot Stanton Blatch, Rachel Foster, Elizabeth Cady StantonOther leaders: Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Howard Shaw, Frances Willard, Mary Church Terrell, Jeannette Rankin, Lillie Devereux Blake, Laura Clay, Madeleine McDowell Breckinridge, Ida Husted Harper, Maud Wood Park, Alice Paul, Lucy Burns Key Characteristics Used both state-by-state organizing and push for a federal constitutional amendment, organized large suffrage parades, published many organizing and other brochures, pamphlets, and books, met annually in convention; less militant than the Congressional Union / National Womans Party Publication: The Womans Journal (which had been the publication of the AWSA) remained in publication until 1917; followed by the Woman Citizen About the National American Woman Suffrage Association In 1869, the woman suffrage movement in the United States had split into two main rival organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). By the mid-1880s, it was apparent that the leadership of the movement involved in the split was aging. Neither side had succeeded in convincing either many states or the federal government to adopt womens suffrage. The Anthony Amendment extending the vote to women through constitutional amendment had been introduced into Congress in 1878; in 1887, the Senate took its first vote on the amendment and soundly defeated it. The Senate would not vote again on the amendment for another 25 years. Also in 1887, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Susan B. Anthony and others published a 3-volume History of Woman Suffrage, documenting that history mostly from the viewpoint of the AWSA but also including history from the NWSA. At the October 1887 convention of the AWSA, Lucy Stone proposed that the two organizations explore a merger. A group met in December, including women from both organizations: Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Stone Blackwell (Lucy Stones daughter) and Rachel Foster. The next year, the NWSA organized a 40th-anniversary celebration of the Seneca Falls Womans Rights Convention and invited the AWSA to take part. Successful Merger The merger negotiations were successful, and in February 1890, the merged organization named the National American Woman Suffrage Association, held its first convention, in Washington, DC. Elected as the first president was Elizabeth Cady Stanton and as vice president Susan B. Anthony. Lucy Stone was elected as the chairman [sic] of the Executive Committee. Stantons election as president was largely symbolic, as she traveled to England to spend two years there right after being elected. Anthony served as de facto head of the organization. Gage's Alternative Organization Not all suffrage supporters joined the merger. Matilda Joslyn Gage founded the Womens National Liberal Union in 1890, as an organization that would work for womens rights beyond just the vote. She was president until she died in 1898. She edited the publication The Liberal Thinker between 1890 and 1898. NAWSA 1890 to 1912 Susan B. Anthony succeeded Elizabeth Cady Stanton as president in 1892, and Lucy Stone died in 1893. Between 1893 and 1896, womens suffrage became law in the new state of Wyoming (which had, in 1869, included it in its territorial law). Colorado, Utah, and Idaho amended their state constitutions to include womens suffrage. The publication of The Womans Bible by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Matilda Joslyn Gage and 24 others in 1895 and 1898 led to a NAWSA decision to explicitly disavow any connection with that work. The NAWSA wanted to focus on womens vote, and the younger leadership thought criticism of religion would threaten their possibilities for success. Stanton was never invited to the stage at another NAWSA convention. Stantons position in the suffrage movement as a symbolic leader suffered from that point, and Anthonys role was stressed more after that. From 1896 to 1910, the NAWSA organized about 500 campaigns to get woman suffrage on state ballots as referenda. In the few cases where the issue actually got on to the ballot, it failed. In 1900, Carrie Chapman Catt succeeded Anthony as president of the NAWSA. In 1902, Stanton died, and in 1904, Catt was succeeded as president by Anna Howard Shaw. In 1906, Susan B. Anthony died, and the first generation of leadership was gone. From 1900 to 1904, the NAWSA focused on a Society Plan to recruit members who were well-educated and had political influence. In 1910, the NAWSA began to try to appeal more to women beyond the educated classes and moved to more public action. That same year, Washington State established statewide woman suffrage, followed in 1911 by California and in 1912 in Michigan, Kansas, Oregon, and Arizona. In 1912, the Bull Moose / Progressive Party platform supported woman suffrage. Also at about that time, many of the Southern suffragists began to work against the strategy of a federal amendment, fearing it would interfere with Southern limits on voting rights directed at African Americans. NAWSA and the Congressional Union In 1913, Lucy Burns and Alice Paul organized the Congressional Committee as an auxiliary within the NAWSA. Having seen more militant actions in England, Paul and Burns wanted to organize something more dramatic. The Congressional Committee within NAWSA organized a large suffrage parade in Washington, DC, held the day before Woodrow Wilsons inauguration. Five to eight thousand marched in the parade, with half a million onlookers―including many opponents who insulted, spit on and even attacked the marchers. Two hundred marchers were injured, and Army troops were called in when police would not stop the violence. Although black suffrage supporters were told to march at the back of the march, so as not to threaten support for woman suffrage among white Southern legislators, some of the black supporters including Mary Church Terrell circumvented that and joined the main march. Alice Pauls committee promoted actively the Anthony Amendment, re-introduced into Congress in April of 1913. Another large march was held in May of 1913 in New York. This time, about 10,000 marched, with men making up about 5 percent of the participants. Estimates range from 150,000 to half a million onlookers. More demonstrations, including an automobile procession, followed, and a speaking tour with Emmeline Pankhurst. By December, the more conservative national leadership had decided that the Congressional Committees actions were unacceptable. The December national convention expelled the Congressional Committee, which went on to form the Congressional Union and later became the National Womans Party. Carrie Chapman Catt had led the move to expel the Congressional Committee and its members; she was elected president again in 1915. The NAWSA in 1915 adopted its strategy, in contrast to the continued militancy of the Congressional Union: the Winning Plan. This strategy, proposed by Catt and adopted at the organizations Atlantic City convention, would use the states that had already given women the vote to push for a federal amendment. Thirty state legislatures petitioned Congress for womens suffrage. At the time of World War I, many women, including Carrie Chapman Catt, became involved in the Womans Peace Party, opposing that war. Others within the movement, including within NAWSA, supported the war effort or switched from peace work to war support when the United States entered the war. They worried that pacifism and war opposition would work against the suffrage movements momentum. Victory In 1918, the US House of Representatives passed the Anthony Amendment, but the Senate turned it down. With both wings of the suffrage movement continuing their pressure, President Woodrow Wilson was finally persuaded to support suffrage. In May of 1919, the House passed it again, and in June the Senate approved it. Then the ratification went to the states. On August 26, 1920, after the ratification by the Tennessee legislature, the Anthony Amendment became the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution. After 1920 The NAWSA, now that woman suffrage had passed, reformed itself and became the League of Women Voters. Maud Wood Park was the first president. In 1923, the National Womans Party first proposed an Equal Rights Amendment to the constitution. The six-volume  History of Woman Suffrage  was completed in 1922 when  Ida Husted Harper  published the last two volumes covering 1900 to victory in 1920.

Transport and Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Transport and Inventory Management - Essay Example The fundamental concept of supply chain management (SCM) is one of the oldest concepts in the world of management. Almost 50 years ago, it was first introduced by Forrester (Mentzer, 2001). It has become one of the most popular and most widely researched concepts for the last ten years. According to Monezka and his colleagues the primary objective of supply chain management concept is â€Å"to integrate and manage the sourcing, flow and control of materials using a total systems perspective across multiple functions and multiple tiers of suppliers† (Mentzer, 2001). It is one of most important aspects in today’s business environment as it is a crucial component of overall value chain. This actually means supply chain is directly related to the aspects like customer satisfaction and value. In fact the main ‘purpose of supply chain management is improving customer satisfaction and value’ which is the main aim of a business organisation (Mentzer, 2001). Any sup ply chain is consisted of five main areas which are production, inventory, transportation, information and location. The effectiveness and efficiency of a company’s supply chain is dependent on the effectiveness and efficiency of these five areas. This paper focuses on two of these five factors, production and inventory. These two areas are analyzed in the context of Toyota which is one of those rare companies that are global renowned for their supply chain management. The paper provides a clear idea about the Toyota’s production system as well as its inventory management system. Moreover it also shows the way in which Toyota has identified and dealt with the capacities and limitations of its production system and inventory system. Production and inventory are two of the most fundamental concepts in the field of business operations. At the present business environment which is intensely competitive, efficient and effective production system as well as inventory system is the key

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY-CASE STUDIES IN POLICY PowerPoint Presentation - 2

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY-CASE STUDIES IN POLICY DECISION - PowerPoint Presentation Example Afar from the international politics of power, the general realization is that there was no practical, strategic and military justifications for the development of a weapon with such huge prospects of destruction. The development of a Hydrogen Bomb just for the sake of proving a point was in no way practical considering the resources that were utilized in the development of such a weapon. Furthermore, the possibility of using such an immensly destructive weapon was unethical and inhumane by any standards even during wars. However, Dr. Edward Teller speculated that the fear aroused by the existence of such a weapon would drive humanity to engage in more reasonable politics rather than the politics of destruction (Groot, 2004, p.164). In a letter to the President, Lewis Strauss stressed that the public opinion was already against the development of such a weapon due to the heavy costs (Strauss, 1950). However, Teller also outlines that the success of such a weapon in checking power and possibly preventing a war, would only be successful when another country like the Soviet Union possessed the same weapon. The question is what happenns when the balance of power is broken when some unruly third w orld country or a terrorist organization gains possession of such a technology? Gizewski (1996, p.399) adds that the move of making such a destructive weapon would tarnish the image of any nation in international politics due to the emotions harbored after the Nagasaki and Hiroshima atomic bombings. The military/strateic justifications further make the development of hydrogen bomb unreasonable. According to Groot (2004, p.182), the arms race that was experienced among the developed nations during the cold war could have only been stopped when nations ceased from making destructive weapons and filling up their arsenals. The United States had realized that it could not make